Seismic zoning map of Czechoslovakia — version 1987     

Vít Kárník  Dana Procházková  Vladimír Schenk  Zdeňka Schenková  Ivan Brouček  Reviewer J. Zahradník 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》1988,32(2):144-150

Summary A new version of the seismic zoning map of Czechoslovakia is presented mainly for use with the revised Building Code SN 730 036 (Seismic Loads on Buildings). In principle, the map contains the expected maximum intensities according to the macroseismic scale MSK-64. The map is based on all historical macroseismic observations in Czechoslovakia, as well as on models of macroseismic fields. The assessment of expected intensities has also been completed by a seismotectonic analysis. It is not feasible to relate the map to a particular time interval, i.e. to estimate the probability of expected maximum intensities, because of the unknown recurrence of extreme events on the territory of Czechoslovakia.

---

ma a ama u auau auu, n ¶rt; n¶rt;m ¶rt; m¶rt;u SN 730 036 aa nm uuu ¶rt;muu. ama ¶rt;um ¶rt;u u¶rt;a aua uua umumu n aMSK-64. ama aa a ¶rt; u n um auu a¶rt;u a mumuu auu u a ¶rt; auu n. a ¶rt;aa a u¶rt;a umumu m mmu aaua. ua nmm u mu a mumuu nm mmu am u auau n¶rt; uma, m. . n¶rt;um ¶rt;mam mm mm u¶rt;a aua uu umumu.

  相似文献   

Interaction of granitic and basic magmas: experimental observations on contamination processes at 10 kbar with H2O     

A. Dana Johnston  Peter J. Wyllie 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1988,98(3):352-362

Experiments designed to simulate the interaction of juxtaposed rhyolitic and basic magmas were conducted at 10 kbar with H₂O, using reaction-couples consisting of Westerly granite (WG) against basalt (DW-1) and WG against a synthetic mafic glass (SMG, enriched in MgO and Na₂O relative to DW-1). Each couple was run with 5 and 10 wt% H₂O corresponding respectively to H₂O-undersaturated and H₂O-oversaturated conditions. Experiments were run for 42–44 h at 920° C, above the liquidus of WG and within the melting intervals of DW-1 and SMG. WG was run above the basic material in all but one experiment. The composition of the granitic melt was altered only through material exchange with the adjacent basic melts, whereas that of the basic melts also changed (relative to the bulk basic composition) due to partial crystallization. Some crystallization also occurred within the zone of interaction. For control, the basic compositions were also run alone under the same conditions as the reaction-couple experiments. The crystalline phase assemblages in the basic ends of the coupled experiments differed from those produced from the basic materials alone, demonstrating interaction with the granite melt. Moreover, compositional gradients within the basic ends of coupled experiments are indicated by changes in phase assemblage and compositions with distance from the interface with WG. Microprobe analyses of glass collected along the length of the capsules confirm published observations that alkali diffusion is very fast: K₂O and Na₂O homogenized throughout the capsules in less than the two-day run times. This, coupled with the fact that introduction of K₂O into SMG stabilized biotite, produced the result that after interaction the bulk basic material (melt+crystals) contained more K₂O than the coexisting felsic melt. Only very gentle gradients for CaO, FeO, and MgO are preserved in our experiments, in contrast with published anhydrous results, suggesting that the difference in activity coefficients for these components between basic and felsic melts is reduced by the introduction of H₂O. Gradients for SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ are of comparable length to those of the divalent cations, confirming earlier results that the diffusivities of the network-formers limit the rate of diffusion of Ca, Fe, and Mg.  相似文献   

Anhydrous P-T phase relations of near-primary high-alumina basalt from the South Sandwich Islands     

A. Dana Johnston 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1986,92(3):368-382

Anhydrous P-T phase relations, including phase compositions and modes, are reported from 10–31 kbar for a near-primary high-alumina basalt from the South Sandwich Islands in the Scotia Arc. The water content of natural subduction-related basalt is probably <0.5 wt.% and thus, these results are relevant to the generation of primary basaltic magmas in subduction zones. At high pressures (>27 kbar) garnet is the liquidus phase followed by clinopyroxene, then quartz/coesite at lower temperatures. At intermediate pressures (17–27 kbar), clinopyroxene is the liquidus phase followed by either garnet, quartz, plagioclase, then orthopyroxene or plagioclase, quartz, garnet, then orthopyroxene depending on the pressure within this interval. At all lower pressures, plagioclase is the liquidus phase followed at much lower temperatures (100° C at 5 kbar) by clinopyroxene. The absence of olivine from the liquidus suggests that the composition studied here could not have been derived from a more mafic parent by olivine fractionation at any pressure investigated, and supports the interpretation that it is primary. If so, these results also preclude an origin for this melt by partial melting of olivine-rich mantle periddotite and suggest instead that it was generated by partial melting of the descending slab (quartz eclogite) leaving clinopyroxene, garnet, or both in the residue. The generally flat REE patterns for low-K series subduction related basalts argue against any significant role for garnet, however, and it is thus concluded that the composition studied here was extracted at 20–27 kbar after sufficiently high degrees of partial melting (50%) to totally consume garnet in the eclogite source. Melting experiments on three MORB composition, although not conclusive, are in agreement with this mechanism. Results at 30 kbar support an origin for tonalite/trondhjemite series rocks by lower degrees of melting (15–30%), leaving both garnet and clinopyroxene in the residue.  相似文献   

Salinity detection and associated behavior in the dungeness crab,Cancer magister     

Peter C. Sugarman  Walter H. Pearson  Dana L. Woodruff 《Estuaries and Coasts》1983,6(4):380-386

Dungeness crabs, Cancer magister, showed the same antennular flicking response to brief (<2 min) salinity fluctuations as they have previously shown in detecting chemical food cues during other studies. The threshold concentrations at which 50% of the crabs detected the salinity changes were 29.9‰ and 32.7‰ or 96% and 105% of ambient seawater (31.0‰). At the maximum salinity changes used, other behaviors accompanied the flicking response. In a second experiment where salinity rose or fell continuously, two previously undescribed behaviors, pulsing and closure, occurred. In pulsing, crabs showed a rapid coordinated opening and closing of the outer maxillipeds with rapid beating of the maxillipedal flagellae. In closure, crabs stopped all overt activity, retracted their appendages and tightly closed the buccal cavity with the outer maxillipeds. Under increasing salinity crabs exhibited pulsing at 34.9‰ or 113% of ambient seawater and closure at 36.2‰ or 117% of ambient. Under decreasing salinity crabs showed pulsing at 23.2‰ or 75% of ambient seawater and closure at 15.5‰ or 50% of ambient.  相似文献   

The influence of meteorology on the organic and inorganic properties of aerosols in Hong Kong     

Mei Zheng  Zhigang Guo  Ming Fang  Dana R. Kester   《Atmospheric Research》2007,84(4):323-336

The organic and inorganic species in total suspended particulates (TSP) collected from June to December in 1998 in Hong Kong were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to investigate the sources of Hong Kong aerosols and the mechanisms that control the chemical compositions and variations in the atmosphere. These samples were classified according to the climate: wet, dry under the influence of southerly winds from the sea (Dry-S) and dry under the influence of northerly winds from the continent (Dry-N). There were significant increases of materials from crustal, biogenic and pollution sources in the Dry-N period by a factor of 5, 4, and 2, respectively. Since the crustal tracers (e.g., Al, Fe) could be from coal flyash, the estimate of crustal material in the Dry-N period may include some materials from pollution source. Therefore, a positive correlation between crustal and pollution elements was observed. From the analysis of solvent-extractable organics (SEOC), microbial and meat cooking sources showed slight increase (1.2-fold). Higher levels of plant wax materials in the Dry-N period were probably due to the higher wind speed during the winter monsoon. The percentage of crustal material in TSP was 47% in the Dry-N period, and only 22% in the wet season and the Dry-S period. Plant wax materials (biogenic source) had a higher percentage in the Dry-N period (39% of SEOC) while microbial and meat cooking sources accounted for 49% of SEOC in the wet season. This study revealed that wind direction and precipitation had a significant influence not only on the concentrations but also on the chemical compositions and sources of Hong Kong aerosols.  相似文献   

Reconstruction and post-event analysis of a flash flood in a small ungauged basin: a case study in Slovak territory     

Veronika Bačová Mitková  Pavla Pekárová  Dana Halmová  Pavol Miklánek 《Natural Hazards》2018,92(2):741-760

Flash floods are one of the major natural hazards occurring in small streams with a negative effect on the country as well as on human lives. Heavy rainfall occurred on July 20, 2014 and July 21, 2014 and caused severe surface water flooding and a flash flood in the Malá Fatra National Park (Slovakia). The most affected was Vrátna Valley with the Varínka stream. This study presents a reconstruction and post-event analysis of a flash flood on small ungauged basin located in this protected area of Slovakia. The reconstruction included hydraulic terrain measurements on estimating the flood’s culmination and documenting the flood’s development. The measurements were taken at three cross sections of the Varínka stream. This paper is focused mainly on post-event analysis of the Varínka stream in two profiles: Strá?a (gauged profile) and Tiesňavy (ungauged cross section). Subsequently, the extremeness of the flash flood was preliminary evaluated. Results of the post-event analysis showed that the July 2014 flood was not the highest flood in this area despite its catastrophic consequences. By studying historical materials, we came to the conclusion that in the past (e.g. in 1848 or 1939) some devastating floods in this area had occurred, which had disastrous consequences for the population. The second part of the study is focused on comparing this flash flood with three major floods which have occurred in Slovak territory since 1998. The first flood occurred on the 20th of July, 1998 on the Malá Svinka stream, and the two others are floods which occurred on the 7th of June, 2011 in the Small Carpathian Mountains: on the Gidra stream in Píla village and on the Parná stream in Horné Ore?any village. Such comparison of flash floods from different geographical regions and different rainfall events can provide comprehensive information about their regimes, threats and disastrous effects.  相似文献   

Oxygen Utilization and Organic Carbon Remineralization in the Upper Water Column of the Pacific Ocean     

Richard A. Feely  Christopher L. Sabine  Reiner Schlitzer  John L. Bullister  Sabine Mecking  Dana Greeley 《Journal of Oceanography》2004,60(1):45-52

As a part of the JGOFS synthesis and modeling project, researchers have been working to synthesize the WOCE/JGOFS/DOE/NOAA global CO₂ survey data to better understand carbon cycling processes in the oceans. Working with international investigators we have compiled a Pacific Ocean data set with over 35,000 unique samples analyzed for at least two carbon species, oxygen, nutrients, chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) tracers, and hydrographic parameters. We use these data here to estimate in-situ oxygen utilization rates (OUR) and organic carbon remineralization rates within the upper water column of the Pacific Ocean. OURs are derived from the observed apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) and the water age estimates based on CFCs in the upper water and natural radiocarbon in deep waters. The rates are generally highest just below the euphotic zone and decrease with depth to values that are much lower and nearly constant in water deeper than 1200 m. OURs ranged from about 0.02–10 μmol kg⁻¹yr⁻¹ in the upper water masses from about 100–1000 m, and averaged = 0.10 μmol kg⁻¹yr⁻¹ in deep waters below 1200 m. The OUR data can be used to directly estimate organic carbon remineralization rates using the C:O Redfield ratio given in Anderson and Sarmiento (1994). When these rates are integrated we obtain an estimate of 5.3 ± 1 Pg C yr⁻¹ for the remineralization of organic carbon in the upper water column of the Pacific Ocean. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

Hydroclimatic and channel snowpack controls over suspended sediment and grain size transport in a High Arctic catchment     

Dana M. McDonald  Scott F. Lamoureux 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2009,34(3):424-436

Temporal variability in suspended sediment delivery processes was studied during three seasons in a 7·9 km² catchment at Cape Bounty, Melville Island, Nunavut in the Canadian High Arctic. Discharge was controlled primarily by the magnitude of snowmelt, with limited inputs from ground ice melt and precipitation. Years with greater snowpack non‐linearly increased sediment yield and resulted in seasonal counter‐clockwise hysteresis, while a year with low snowpack resulted in reduced sediment yield and clockwise hysteresis, and indicates that sediment was increasingly available after the onset of streamflow. In addition to the event‐scale hysteresis observed during the nival discharge peak, diurnal clockwise hysteresis was observed during all three seasons and suggests daily exhaustion of sediment supplies. These results indicate that the channel snowpack plays a primary role over sediment accessibility during the nival discharge peak. Similarly, grain size analysis of suspended material in the river showed that the coarsest mean grain size was transported during the early phase of peak nival discharge and indicates that isolated sources of coarse material were being accessed by high velocity flow. Snowpack is present through the peak nival period and conditions sediment availability by isolating channel sediments from high‐energy flow. These results indicate sediment delivery characteristics in small High Arctic catchments reflect complex interactions with channel snowpack and disproportionate responses to flow conditions that differ from glacial and temperate settings. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Variable binaries and variables in binaries in the Binary star DataBase     

Dana Kovaleva  Oleg Malkov  Pavel Kaygorodov 《天文和天体物理学研究(英文版)》2019,(3)

The Binary star DataBase(BDB, http://bdb.inasan.ru) combines data from catalogs of binary and multiple stars of all observational types. There is a number of ways for variable stars to form or to be a part of binary or multiple systems. We describe how such stars are represented in the database.  相似文献   

‘Locationally disadvantaged’: planning governmentalities and peri-urban agricultural futures     

Laura Wynne  Dana Cordell  Brent Jacobs 《The Australian geographer》2020,51(3):377-397

ABSTRACT

Peri-urban areas are the interface between urban and rural regions, with these regions traditionally acting as foodbowls for adjacent urban areas. This peri-urban agriculture provides a diverse suite of benefits to urban areas. Increasingly, however, peri-urban areas are being converted to residential uses, driven in part by higher land values secured for land converted for residential development. In Sydney, planning and development has tended to treat peri-urban areas as ‘suburbs in waiting’. Using a Foucauldian governmentality approach, this paper investigates the prevailing rationalities in metropolitan-level strategic planning documents—in particular A Plan for Growing Sydney and the Draft South West District Plan—and how these rationalities relate to peri-urban agriculture. Our analysis shows that the three overarching rationalities—the global city, the compact city and the sustainability agenda—frame the urbanisation of peri-urban agricultural lands as necessary and inevitable, and only integrate agriculture as part of the future of the city of Sydney when it can be rationalised within the ‘global city’ narrative. As a result, peri-urban areas are not considered to have unique planning needs, but are imagined as latent spaces that will enable Sydney to meet its housing and job targets through their future development.  相似文献